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- The World is forever in debt to China for its innovations. Ancient China was
- extreme advance and many of its discoveries are still in use today. This is what Robert
- Temple, the author of The Genius of China 3000 years of science, discovery and
- invention. The book is based on 11 main parts of Chinese innovation. Within these 11
- categories, there are 3 main parts that contain the most significant inventions. Robert
- Temple concentrates the bulk of his examples in these three categories, agriculture,
- domestic and industrial technology , and engineering. TempleÆs examples were not limited
- to these fields of innovation. The Chinese excelled in many other areas, including
- mathematics, warfare and transportation, to name a few. Although Temple wrote about
- eleven fields of invention, I feel that these three sections contain the greatest examples of
- Chinese innovation, and the debt that the modern world owes China.
- The first main area is the field of engineering. Within this chapter, the
- development of iron and steel is the greatest achievement. The development of iron and
- steel led to other advances. By at least the 4th century the Chinese have developed blast
- furnaces to obtain cast iron from iron ore. This was 1200 years before the first blast
- furnace showed up in Europe. The reasons that the author gave to explain the reasons
- why the Chinese developed this technology are simple. The Chinese had access to large
- amounts of clay, the key ingredient in making blast furnaces. The Chinese also figured out
- that by adding a substance they called :Black Earth,ö they could lower the melting point of
- iron.
- Another major invention of the Chinese, that led to other achievements, is steel.
- The common belief today is that Henry Bessemer discovered the process of refining iron
- into steel. The fact is Chinese had developed the process to refine iron into steel in the
- second century BC The Chinese learned that by injecting oxygen into the blast furnace,
- they could remove the carbon from the iron. The Chinese called this process the
- ôhundred refinings methodö since they repeated the process that many times. The finished
- product was highly prized in China for its strength and ability to hold an edge on a sword.
- The Chinese would weld the steel onto weaker iron thus creating a strong edge and a
- superior weapon. The Chinese iron and steel workers were the best at making different
- types of metals into modern times. But then, no one else could have done so at the time,
- since iron existed nowhere else but in China.
- The Chinese invented the chain pump in the first century AD The chain pump
- allows water to the pumped from lower to higher elevations. The chain pumps were used
- for draining and pumping in civil engineering, but what is more important is it was used
- for irrigation. Irrigation allows for greater and more intense farming, thus resulting in a
- better crop yield. With the greater crop yields larger populations can be supported. The
- chain pump was exported to all parts of the world by way of visiting ambassadors and
- dignitaries. The first European chain pump appeared in the sixteenth century, and was a
- direct copy of the Chinese version.
- The second area of great Chinese achievement is in domestic and industrial
- technology. The most recognized Chinese invention is in the field of domestic and
- industrial technology, paper. Paper was invented around the second century BC and was
- used as clothing. One might not believe that paper could be used as clothing, but the paper
- made at that time used thicker and tougher paper fibers. Not only was paper used for
- clothing, it was also used for military body armor. The Chinese found out that pleated
- sheets of paper could stop the penetration of arrows. The paper armor was standard issue
- with Chinese land and sea units. PaperÆs writing property was not discovered till about
- one century after its discovery. The earliest example of writing on paper was found an
- abandon military post. The paper found dates back to 110 AD and contained two dozen
- readable characters.
- The area that let China grow and expand was the innovations in the area of
- agriculture. The greatest achievement in the field of agriculture is row cultivation and
- intensive hoeing. In Europe, as with the rest of the world, they practiced scatter seed
- farming. Scatter seed farming is the practice of throwing the seed onto the fields at
- random. By throwing the seed randomly, half the seeds would not grow and make it
- impossible to weed the field. The Chinese on the other hand, planted individual seeds and
- rows, thus reducing seed loss. The planting of crops in rows also allowed for intensive
- hoeing, which in turn reduce weeds.
- Another major advancement in the field of agriculture is the seed drill. The seed
- drill complements the row farming of the Chinese. The seed drill is a device that plants the
- seed into the ground. It replaces the farmer to plant the seeds by hand, thus allowing the
- farmer to plant more acreage. The first seed drill was introduced to Europe in sixteenth
- century, 3500 years after the Chinese had invented it.
- In conclusion, I believe that the author has proved his original idea, that the
- modern world is in debt to China. The author has given many examples of Chinese
- innovation and intelligence that are seen in use today. Chinese innovation in agriculture
- has not only allowed the Chinese to grow, it has also allowed the modern world to grow.
- The growth of these other countries is directly linked to the inventions that they copied
- from the Chinese. Many of the Chinese engineering feats are still practiced today. The
- process of refining iron into steel is still used today, though the process has been refined.
- The suspension bridge, invented by the Chinese in the first century AD, is still the bridge
- of choice when one has to span a great distance. The greatest area of Chinese invention is
- in agriculture. The Chinese excelled in farming, not only did they discover the seed drill,
- they discovered row farming that is still used today.
- I would recommend this book with one wants to read about the past glory of
- China and the huge potentional of the future. It gave in-depth views into each Chinese
- invention, while not over doing the techical explaination. The Author is clear and concise
- on his point, the modern world is in debt to the Chinese. He gave many examples of
- Chinese invoation, and how the rest of the world copied the Chinese. Not did the rest of
- the world copy Chinese inventions, they claimed that they were the first to invent it. The
- author opened my eyes to the greatness of anicent China. What the author, Robert
- Temple, did do gave me even more reason to respect China.
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- The Genius of China
- 3000 years of Science, discovery, and invention
- By Robert Temple
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